![]() Rotation disproportionally affects faces, known as the face inversion effect (FIE), but to a lesser degree other object classes, known as viewpoint dependency 1, unless they are exemplars of a class of expertise acquired through extensive exposure, like dogs for dog experts and cars for car experts 2. Research in humans revealed an impairment of face recognition when faces are displayed upside-down (i.e. ![]() We conclude that the face inversion effect in chimpanzees is modulated by the level of expertise of face processing.įace perception is one of the most crucial abilities for social cognition in primates including humans. young chimpanzees showed a stronger inversion effect for chimpanzee than for human faces, while old chimpanzees showed a stronger inversion effect for human than for chimpanzee faces. More importantly, the discrimination deterioration was systematically different between the two age groups of chimpanzee participants, i.e. Their performances were deteriorated by inversion. Here, we employed a delayed matching-to-sample task to test captive chimpanzees on discriminating chimpanzee and human faces. Although these results are not inconsistent with findings from humans they have some controversy in their methodology. Previous literature indicates a face inversion effect in chimpanzees toward familiar and conspecific faces. ![]() With inversion the perceptual processing of the spatial relationship among facial parts is disrupted. Faces presented upside-down are harder to recognize than presented right-side up, an effect known as the face inversion effect. ![]()
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